Construction of Double S-scheme CaWO4/g-C3N4/WO3 Ternary Heterojunction for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 15, No 1 (March 2026) pp. 418-434
Abstract
CaWO4/g-C3N4/WO3 ternary nanocomposites were synthesized via a hydrothermal method, followed by ultrasonic-assisted composite formation. The structural, optical, and morphological properties of the nanocomposites were systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–DRS), photoluminescence (PL), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD analysis confirms the coexistence of calcium tungstate (CaWO4), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and tungsten trioxide (WO3) in the ternary nanocomposites, and the shift in the diffraction pattern suggests the presence of interfacial interaction among the components. Optical absorption studies exhibit a distinct red shift with increasing WO3 content, and a reduction in the band gap is evidenced from the Tauc plot. Among all the compositions, TC5 exhibited the best photocatalytic performance, degrading 98% of Rhodamine B (RhB) in 75 min. The enhanced performance was attributed to optimized charge separation and the formation of a robust double S-scheme heterojunction. The key role of HO• and O₂⁻• species in the photodegradation of RhB was identified by radical trapping experiments. In summary, at the optimum concentration, the synergy among the scheelite CaWO4 crystalline framework, π-conjugated g-C3N4, and defect-rich WO3 enhances charge separation via a double S-scheme mechanism, enabling rapid ROS generation and making TC5 superior among the synthesized photocatalysts.
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Reference
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