A Review of Zinc-based Composites for Biomedical Applications: Processing Routes, Reinforcements, Properties and Applications
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 15, No 1 (March 2026) pp. 349-357
Abstract
Zinc-based composites have emerged as promising materials for biomedical applications, especially in orthopedic implants, due to their unique combination of biodegradability, biocompatibility, and moderate mechanical strength. This review focuses on the properties, applications, and fabrication techniques of Zn-based biomaterials and their composites. Biodegradable metals like Mg, Fe and Zn are gaining attention as alternatives to traditional implants to avoid complications such as stress shielding, inflammation, and secondary surgeries. Zn composites show controlled degradation in the body and promote bone regeneration through the release of Zn ions, which aid osteogenesis. However, challenges such as limited mechanical strength and fast degradation rates have driven research into reinforcing Zn with materials like graphene, hydroxyapatite (HAP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and carbon nanotubes. These reinforcements significantly improve strength, corrosion resistance, and biological performance. Graphene and carbon nanotubes mainly contribute to improved mechanical strength and corrosion resistance, though challenges related to uniform dispersion and biocompatibility remain, while bio-ceramic reinforcements such as HAP and TCP enhance bioactivity and bone bonding but may adversely affect ductility at higher reinforcement contents. Various fabrication techniques like stir casting, powder metallurgy, spark plasma sintering, and post-processing methods are discussed to enhance material characteristics. The review emphasizes the importance of optimizing degradation rate and mechanical properties of Zn to match physiological needs. Overall, Zn-based composites hold significant potential for next-generation biodegradable implants that reduce patient risk and healthcare costs, while offering functional performance close to that of natural bone.
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Reference
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