Green Synthesis and Electrochemical Evaluation of TSP–MnO₂ Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 15, No 1 (March 2026) pp. 59-69
Abstract
The need for solutions to store energy is rising due to population growth, industrialization, and technological advancements in a rapidly evolving world. This study examines the viability of TSP (TSP)- manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanocomposite as a novel material for energy storage application. The nanocomposite was prepared by direct and economical co-precipitation technique. The morphological, compositional and structural characteristics of synthesized TSP- MnO2 nanocomposite were validated using characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The electrochemical investigations, galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and encompassing cyclic voltammetry (CV) examination demonstrated efficacy of the synthesized material. The CV investigation conducted with 3 M potassium hydroxide electrolyte demonstrated a specific capacitance (Csp) of 515.26 F g-1 with a scanning rate of 10 mV s-1 and a specific density of 282.26 Wh kg-1. The nanocomposite demonstrated specific capacitance of 9.12 F g-1 in the GCD experiment. These changes indicate that the material demonstrates pseudocapacitive properties. Furthermore, the nanocomposite exhibited a minimal internal resistance of 6.0 Ω and ionic conductivity of 1.5 × 10-3 S/cm. The notable improvement in energy density and specific capacitance relative to pure TSP highlights the exceptional potential of the TSP-MnO2 nanocomposite.
Full Text
Reference
Abdullah, M., John, P., Jabbour, K., Ahmad, M. I., Khan, S., Waheed, M. S., Albaqami, M. D., Sheikh, M., Ehsan, M. F. and Naeem, A. M. N., Improvement in capacitive performance of ZnS with MnO2 via composite (ZnS/MnO2) strategy developed by hydrothermal technique, J. Energy Storage, 78, 110034 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.110034
Adarshgowda, N., Bhojya Naik, H. S., Vishnu, G. and Hareeshanaik, S., Green synthesized manganese-doped cobalt ferrite photocatalysts for light driven degradation of dye and optoelectronic studies, Ceram. Int., 50(12), 22060–22076 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.03.320
Anwar, N., Shakoor, A., Ali, G., Ahmad, H., Niaz, N. A., and Mahmood, A., Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of polyaniline doped cadmium oxide (PANI–CdO) nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications, J. Energy Storage, 55, 105446 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105446
Elumalai, P., Charles, J. and Kennedy, L. J., Fabrication of PPy/PANI/MnO₂-based electrode and its electrochemical evaluation for supercapacitor applications, Ionics, 30(11), 7397–7420 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-024-05794-w
Geethalaxmi, M., Kumar, U., Verma, V., Sunil, C. K., Rawson, A. and Venkatachalapathy, N., Effect of roasting on physicochemical, functional, thermal, pasting, and structural properties of TSP, Food Chem. Adv., 5, 100834 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100834
Girimurugan, R., Loganathan, G. B., Sivaraman, G., Shilaja, C. and Selvaraju, M., Compressive behavior of tamarind shell powder and fine granite particles reinforced epoxy matrix-based hybrid bio-composites, ECS Trans., 107(1), 7111–7118 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1149/10701.7111ecst
Griščenko, Ņ., Durena, R., Iesalnieks, M., Bērtiņš, M., Viksna, A. and Zukuls, A., Improvement of manganese dioxide cathode by molybdenum doping in highly acidic electrolyte, J. Energy Storage, 76, 109847 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109847
Jayachandran, M., Rose, A., Maiyalagan, T., Poongodi, N. and Vijayakumar, T., Effect of various aqueous electrolytes on the electrochemical performance of α-MnO₂ nanorods as electrode materials for supercapacitor application, Electrochim. Acta, 366, 137412 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137412
Jayasree, R., Senthil Kumar, P. S., Saravanan, A., Hemavathy, R. V., Yaashikaa, P. R., Arthi, P., Shreshta, J., Jeevanantham, S., Karishma, S., Valan Arasu, M. V., Al-Dhabi, N. A. and Choi, K. C., Sequestration of toxic Pb(II) ions using ultrasonic modified agro waste: Adsorption mechanism and modelling study, Chemosphere, 285, 131502 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131502
Khawale, V. R., Mayank, N., Ranade, R., Satishkumar, P., Haldar, B., Deepa, B., Saminathan, R., Veeramanikandan, P., Packirisamy, A. S. B. and Selvaraju, M., Study on electrochemical stability and charge transfer efficiency for the development of high-performance supercapacitors using iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) nanorods, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 27(3), 163–171 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v27i3.a01
Lephuthing, S. S., Okoro, A. M., Ige, O. O. and Olunambi, P. A., Microstructural and electrochemical studies of spark plasma sintered multiwall carbon nanotubes reinforced TiO₂–MnO₂ based composite, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 12, 894–903 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.003
Lou, R., Niu, T., Cao, Q., Zhang, Y., Lei, W., Lu, C. and Wang, Z., Preparation and electrochemical performances of in-situ growth of δ-MnO₂ on hierarchical porous carbon derived from LNP, CIESC J., 43(2), 1013–1021 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0295
Makhloufi, M. C., Benhaddad, L., Djelali, N. E., Metref, F., Amrane, C. and Hamidouche, F., Nanofibrous PANI/TiO₂ composite synthesized with sea urchin-shaped MnO₂ nanostructure for high-performance pseudocapacitors, Russ. J. Electrochem., 93(9), 2360–2370 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070363223090177
Moulaï, F., Hadjersi, T. and Achour, A., The effect of zinc shape on its corrosion mitigation as an anode in aqueous Zn/MnO₂ battery, J. Electroanal. Chem., 886, 115140 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115140
Padmadevi, B., Arivalagan, A., Khalifa, A. S., Shanmuganathan, R. and Kalaivani, T., Novel MnO₂–CuO–BaO metal oxide nanocomposite for high performance supercapacitors, Process Biochem., 110, 176–180 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.017
Purnama, S. K., Doewes, R. I., Elumalai, G., Azmi, S. H., Nuryadin, I. and Manshuralhudlori, Biosensor development in sports doping with dexamethasone, Rev. Bras. Med. Esporte, 29, e2022_0416 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1590/15178692202329012022_0416
Salahuddin, U., Iqbal, N., Noor, T., Hanif, S., Ejaz, H., Zaman, N. and Ahmed, S., ZIF-67 derived MnO₂ doped electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction, Catalysts, 11(1), 1–14 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11010092
Selvaraj, A. R., Raja, I. S., Chinnadurai, D., Rajendiran, R., Cho, I., Han, D. W. and Prabakar, K., Electrospun one-dimensional pseudocapacitive nanorods embedded carbon nanofiber as positrode and graphene wrapped carbon nanofiber as negatrode for enhanced electrochemical energy storage, J. Energy Storage, 46, 103731 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103731
Selvaraju, M., Rathinam, R., Saminathan, R., Deepalakshmi, R., Gopal, M., Justin Maria Hillary, J. J. M., Nanthakumar, S., Ganvir, V. Y.,and Singh, P., Analysis of spectroscopic, morphological characterization and interaction of dye molecules for the surface modification of TiB₂ nanoparticles, J. Nanomater., 2022, 1033216 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1033216
Shahsank, M., Bhojya Naik, H. S., Sumedha, H. N. and Nagaraju, G., Implementing an in-situ carbon formation of MoO₃ nanoparticles for high performance lithium-ion battery, Ceram. Int., 47(7), 10261–10267 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.241
Shashank, M., Bhojya Naik, H. S., Patil, S. B., Viswantha, R. and Nagaraju, G., Green synthesis of molybdenum oxide nanoparticles: Advanced electrode material for electrochemical lithium storage, Microchem. J., 171, 106818 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106818
Shojaeifar, M., Askari, M. B., Hashemi, S. R. S. and Di Bartolomeo, A., MnO₂–NiO–MWCNTs nanocomposite as a catalyst for methanol and ethanol electrooxidation, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 55(35), 355301 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac7619
Sohouli, E., Adib, K., Maddah, B. and Najafi, M., Preparation of a supercapacitor electrode based on carbon nano-onions/manganese dioxide/iron oxide nanocomposite, J. Energy Storage, 52, 104987 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104987
Sumedha, H. N., Alsaiari, M. A., Jalalah, M. S., Shashank, M., Alharthi, F. A., Ahmad, N., Algethami, J. S., Vishwanth, V. and Nagaraju, G., Rapid microwave synthesis of β-SnWO₄ nanoparticles: An efficient anode material for lithium ion batteries, Crystals, 11(4), 334 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040334
Susee, S. K., Sandhya, S., Senthil, K. M. and Rajan, B., Reduced graphene oxide–MnO₂ nanocomposites by hydrothermal method for histamine sensor and photocatalytic activity, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 35(30), 13677 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-13677-z
Thiam, B. and Savadogo, O., Effects of silico-tungstic acid on the pseudocapacitive properties of manganese oxide for electrochemical capacitors applications, Decarbon, 6, 100066 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.decarb.2024.100066
Vadivel, V., Murugan, A., Shameem, A., Thangarasu, S. and Sultan, S. A., A facile microwave-assisted combustion synthesis of NiCoFe₂O₄ anchored polymer nanocomposites as an efficient electrode material for asymmetric supercapacitor application, J. Energy Storage, 48, 103965 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.103965
Vidyalakshmi, Y., Vaishali, M. S. and Geetha, D., Synthesis and supercapacitor performance of Sm₃RuO₇ nanorods and Sm₃RuO₇/MnO₂ nanocomposite, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., 35(7), 12191 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12191-6
Zabielaite, A., Kepenienė, V., Šimkūnaitė, D., Stagniūnaitė, R., Jasulaitienė, V., Stalnionis, G., Vaičiūnienė, J., Tamašauskaitė-Tamašiūnaitė, L. and Norkus, E., MnO₂ nanoparticles supported on graphitic carbon nitride as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution, New J. Chem., 48(46), 19389–19402 (2024).
