Multifunctional Nanofibers Incorporating ZnO NPs, Tridax procumbens, and Azadirachta indica for Wound Healing: A Review
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 15, No 1 (March 2026) pp. 318-331
Abstract
Polymeric nanofibrous membranes have emerged as a transformative material in wound care, providing enhanced biocompatibility along with faster healing. However, pristine polymeric nanofibers (NFs) and single-drug-impregnated NFs are insufficient to address the needs of chronic wounds. Thus, multi-component NFs are being extensively investigated for improved wound care. This review introduces one such feasible hybridization of materials, namely ZnO nanoparticles, Tridax procumbens, and Azadirachta indica, towards the realization of a nanofibrous wound-healing membrane. The review begins with details on the bioactivity exhibited by these materials in their pristine form and then describes the benefits obtained by their integration into the NF matrix. Next, the various electrospinning variants that enable the realization of different forms of NFs from multiple constituents, the effects of process parameters, and drug incorporation methods are detailed. Further, the characterization techniques and assays to be conducted for understanding the physicochemical characteristics and bioactivity of the fabricated wound-healing membrane are described, along with the steps required for clinical translation. Finally, a possible extension of the work towards the realization of a smart wound-healing system is presented. Notable NF property enhancements achieved with multi-component NFs include a 2.9 ± 0.5 MPa increase in tensile strength, a two-stage drug release profile, and a 2- to 8-fold decrease in the viscosity of the spinnable solution, resulting in thinner NFs. Given its depth of content, this review could act as a valuable resource for promoting the research and development of facile wound dressings.
Full Text
Reference
Acharya, S. K., Neem Leaf Extract in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Efficacy, Int. J. Sci. Innov. Eng., 2(5), 822–830 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.70849/IJSCI
Ahmad, N., In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization Methods for Evaluation of Modern Wound Dressings, Pharma., 15(1), 42 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010042
Ajith, G., Tamilarasi, G. P., Sabarees, G., Gouthaman, S., Manikandan, K., Velmurugan, V., Alagarsamy, V. and Solomon, V. R., Recent Developments in Electrospun Nanofibers as Delivery of Phytoconstituents for Wound Healing, Drugs Drug Candidates, 2(1), 148-171 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc2010010
Akhavan, -M. S. and Mirbagheri, M. S., Perspective Chapter: Characterization Methods for Nanofibers, Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials, IntechOpen, (2024).
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1006179
Akhtar, S. and Zuhair, F., Advancing Nanomedicine Through Electron Microscopy: Insights Into Nanoparticle Cellular Interactions and Biomedical Applications, Int. J. Nanomed., 20, 2847-2878 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S500978
Alghoraibi, I. and Alomari, S., Different Methods for Nanofiber Design and Fabrication, In: Barhoum, A., Bechelany, M., Makhlouf, A. (eds) Handbook of Nanofibers. Springer, Cham., 1-46 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42789-8_11-2
Ali, A., Shahid, Md. A., Hossain, Md. D. and Islam, Md. N., Antibacterial bi-layered polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-chitosan blend nanofibrous mat loaded with Azadirachta indica (neem) extract, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 138, 13-20 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.015
Ali, G. I. and Habeeb, S. A., Preparation and characterization of the PLA: GA: ZnO nanofibers-based drug delivery system, Results Chem., 16, 102351 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2025.102351
Alzohairy, M. A., Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Evid Based Complement Altern. Med., 1(2016), 7382506 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7382506
Andriana, Y., Xuan, T. D., Quy, T. N., Minh, T. N., Van, T. M. and Viet, T. D., Antihyperuricemia, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Tridax procumbens L, Foods, 8(1), 21 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8010021
Anusiya, G. and Jaiganesh, R., A review on fabrication methods of nanofibers and a special focus on application of cellulose nanofibers, Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl., 4, 100262 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100262
Arif, M., Raza, H. and Akhter, T., UV-Vis spectroscopy in the characterization and applications of smart microgels and metal nanoparticle-decorated smart microgels: a critical review, RSC Adv., 14, 38120-38134 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA07643E
Ashiq, A., Das, C. S., Biswas, S., Akter, R., Masum, Md. A. and Bedoura, S., Accelerating wound healing: Unveiling a synergistic neem-chitosan composite for rapid tissue regeneration, Next Res., 2(3), 100541 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2025.100541
Baby, A. R., Freire, T. B., Marques, G. d. A., Rijo, P., Lima, F. V., Carvalho, J. C. M. d., Rojas, J., Magalhães, W. V., Velasco, M. V. R and Morocho, -J. A. L., Azadirachta indica (Neem) as a Potential Natural Active for Dermocosmetic and Topical Products: A Narrative Review, Cosmet., 9(3), 58 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9030058
Barata, T. R. A., Paul, R. and Belino, N. J., Effect of solution concentration, process parameters and a second electric field on electrospun polyamide-11 fibers, J. Ind. Text., 55, (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837241299694
Bayot, M. L. and Bragg, B. N., Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, In: StatPearls [oldInternet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539714/
Bhattarai, R. S., Bachu, R. D., Boddu, S. H. S. and Bhaduri, S., Biomedical Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers: Drug and Nanoparticle Delivery, Pharm., 11(1), 5 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11010005
Bolla, S. R., Subaie, -A. A. M., Jindan, -A. R. Y., Balakrishna, J. P., Ravi, P. K., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Pillai, A. A., Gollapalli, S. S. R., Joseph, J. P. and Surapaneni, K. M., In vitro wound healing potency of methanolic leaf extract of Aristolochia saccata is possibly mediated by its stimulatory effect on collagen-1 expression, Heliyon, 5(5), e01648 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01648
Boukeloua, A., Kouadria, M., Bendif, H., Plavan, G., Alsalamah, S. A., Alghonaim, M. I., Boufahja, F. and Abd, -E. O. H., Physicochemical Analysis and Wound Healing Activity of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) Fruits, Processes, 11(6), 1692 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061692
Cheriyan, S., Shin, H., Razack, S. A., Kang, M., Boopathi, T. S., Kang, H. W. and Mani, K., In-vitro and in-vivo studies of Tridax procumbens leaf extract incorporated bilayer polycaprolactone/polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan electrospun nanofiber for wound dressing application, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 299, 139920 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.139920
Chinnappan, B. A., Krishnaswamy, M., Bal, T. and Rajora, A. D., In vitro-in vivo wound healing efficacy of Tridax Procumbens extract loaded Carboxymethylcellulose film, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 253(Part 1), 126695 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126695
Chowdhury, M. A., Hossain, N., Shahid, M. A., Alam, M. J., Hossain, S. M., Uddin, M. I. and Rana, M. M., Development of SiC–TiO2-Graphene neem extracted antimicrobial nano membrane for enhancement of multiphysical properties and future prospect in dental implant applications, Heliyon, 8(9), e10603 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10603
Dejene, B. K., Exploring the Potential of ZnO Nanoparticle-treated Fibers in Advancing Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites: A Review, J. Nat. Fibers, 21(1), 2311304 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2024.2311304
Devi, R. D., Sandhya, P., Subhashri, S., Hari, V. B. N., Tridax Procumbens: A Herbal Nano Formulation for Cancer Therapy, Asian J. Chem., 26(12), 3719-3723 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.17061
Dey, S., Mohanty, D. L., Divya, N., Bakshi, V., Mohanty, A., Rath, D., Das, S., Mondal, A., Roy, S. and Sabui, R., A critical review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications, Intell. Pharmacy, 3(1), 53-70 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbin.11769
Dong, R. and Guo, B., Smart wound dressings for wound healing, Nano Today, 41, 101290 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101290
Ejiohuo, O., Folami, S. O., Edi, D. and Isaac, J., Polyphenol encapsulated nanofibers in wound healing and drug delivery, Eur. J. Med. Chem. Rep., 12, 100184 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmcr.2024.100184
Erben, J., Kalous, T and Chvojka, J., AC Bubble Electrospinning Technology for Preparation of Nanofibrous Mats, ACS Omega, 5(14), 8268-8271 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00575
Ganesan, P. and Pradeepa, P., Development and characterization of nanofibrous mat from PVA/Tridax Procumbens (TP) leaves extracts, Wound Med., 19, 15-22 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wndm.2017.09.004
Gavanji, S., Bakhtari, A., Famurewa, A. C. and Othman, E. M., Cytotoxic Activity of Herbal Medicines as Assessed in Vitro: A Review, Chem. Biodivers., 20(2), e202201098 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202201098
Gaydhane, M. K., Sharma, C. S. and Majumdar, S., Electrospun nanofibres in drug delivery: advances in controlled release strategies, RSC Adv., 13, 7312-7328 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA06023J
Ghajarieh, A., Habibi, S. and Talebian, A., Biomedical Applications of Nanofibers, Russ. J. Appl. Chem., 94 (7), 847–872 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427221070016
Ghomi, E. R., Khalili, S., Khorasani, S. N., Neisiany, E. R. and Ramakrishna, S., Wound dressings: Current advances and future directions, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 136, 47738 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47738
Gómez, -L. L, Martín, -S. C., Aparicio, -B. J. and Torres, -S. A. I., Assessment of In Vitro Release Testing Methods for Colloidal Drug Carriers: The Lack of Standardized Protocols, Pharm., 16(1), 103 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16010103
Gulab, H., Fatima, N., Tariq, U., Gohar, O., Irshad, M., Khan, M. Z., Saleem, M., Ghaffar, A., Hussain, M., Jan, A. K., Humayun, M., Motola, M. and Hanif, M. B., Advancements in zinc oxide nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties, and diverse applications, Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects, 39, 101271 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2024.101271
Hameed, A., Rehman, T. U., Rehan, Z. A., Noreen, R., Iqbal, S., Batool, S., Qayyum, M. A., Ahmed, T. and Farooq, T., Development of polymeric nanofibers blended with extract of neem (Azadirachta indica), for potential biomedical applications, Front. Mater., 9, 1042304 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2022.1042304
Hanumantharao, S. N. and Rao, S., Multi-Functional Electrospun Nanofibers from Polymer Blends for Scaffold Tissue Engineering, Fibers, 7(7), 66 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7070066
Haque, S. R., Chowdhury, M. A., Rana, M. M. and Hossain, N., Fabrication of PVA/graphene nanofibrous membrane infused with neem extraction for packaging and biomedical applications, SN Appl. Sci., 5, 177, (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05393-w
He, Y., Zhong, T., Liu, Y., Wan, M., Sun, L., Zhao, Y. and Wang, Z., Development of a multifunctional active food packaging membrane based on electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan for preservation of fruits, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 277(Part 4), 134636 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134636
Hiwrale, A., Bharati, S., Pingale, P. and Rajput, A., Nanofibers: A current era in drug delivery system, Heliyon, 9(9), e18917 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18917
Ingole, V. V., Mhaske, P. C. and Katade, S. R., Phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Tridax procumbens (L.): A systematic and comprehensive review, Phytomed. Plus, 2(1), 100199 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100199
Islam, M. S., Ang, B. C., Andriyana, A. and Afifi, A. M., A review on fabrication of nanofibers via electrospinning and their applications, SN Appl. Sci., 1, 1248 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1288-4
Islas, J. F., Acosta, E., Buentello, G. Z., Delgado, -G. J. L., Moreno, -T. M. G., Escalante, B. and Moreno, -C. J. E., An overview of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and its potential impact on health, J. Funct. Foods, 74, 104171, (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104171
Jiang, Y., Trotsyuk, A. A., Niu, S. Henn, D., Chen, K., Shih, C. -C., Larson, M. R., Mermin, B. A. M., Mittal, S., Lai, -C. J., Saberi, A., Beard, E., Jing, S., Zhong, D., Steele, S. R., Sun, K., Jain, T., Zhao, E., Neimeth, C. R., Viana, W. G., Tang, J., Sivaraj, D., Padmanabhan, J., Rodrigues, M., Perrault, D. P., Chattopadhyay, A., Maan, Z. N., Leeolou, M. C., Bonham, A. C., Kwon, S. H., Kussie, H. C., Fischer, K. S., Gurusankar, G., Liang, K., Zhang, K., Nag, R., Snyder, M. P., Januszyk, M., Gurtner, G. C. and Bao, Z., Wireless, closed-loop, smart bandage with integrated sensors and stimulators for advanced wound care and accelerated healing, Nat. Biotechnol., 41, 652–662 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-022-01528-3
Kaliva, M. and Vamvakaki, M., Chapter 17 - Nanomaterials characterization, Polym. Sci. Nanotechnol., 401-433 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816806-6.00017-0
Kayaci, F., Ozgit, -A. C., Biyikli, N. and Uyar, T., Surface-decorated ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO nanocoating on electrospun polymeric nanofibers by atomic layer deposition for flexible photocatalytic nanofibrous membranes, RSC Adv., 3, 6817-6820 (2013).
https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA40359A
Kenawy, E. R., Kamoun, E. A., Shehata, A., Moslamy, -E. S. H. and Rahman, A. A. -H. A., Biosynthesized ZnO NPs loaded-electrospun PVA/sodium alginate/glycine nanofibers: synthesis, spinning optimization and antimicrobial activity evaluation, Sci. Rep., 15, 1882 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-81939-1
Khan, J., Khan, A., Khan, M. Q. and Khan, H., Applications of co-axial electrospinning in the biomedical field, Next Mater., 3, 100138 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2024.100138
Kolbasov, A., Sinha, -R. S., Joijode, A., Hassan, M. A., Brown, D., Maze, B., Pourdeyhimi, B. and Yarin, A. L., Industrial-Scale Solution Blowing of Soy Protein Nanofibers, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 55(1), 323-333 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04277
Konchada, S., Killi, N., Sayyad, S., Gathalkar, G. B. and Gundloori, R. V. N., Blends of neem oil based polyesteramide as nanofiber mats to control Culicidae, RSC Adv., 10, 42827-42837 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA08297J
Kota, S., Anantha, R., Sajja, R., Dumpala, P., Multicomponent nanofibrous electrospun dressings, evaluated for the healing of full-thickness excision wounds in a porcine model, 3 Biotech, 15, 335 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-025-04460-w
Kumar, A., Verma, L. M., Sharma, S. and Singh, N., Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) stabilized by phytocellulose derived biopolymer and their bipartite interaction studies with agriculturally important microbes/Raphanus sativus (L.) seeds, Ceram. Int., 49(24), 39771-39787 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.07.179
Lebaka, V. R., Ravi, P., Reddy, M. C., Thummala, C. and Mandal, T. K., Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Modern Science and Technology: Multifunctional Roles in Healthcare, Environmental Remediation, and Industry, Nanomater. (Basel), 15(10), 754 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100754
Lee, S. M., Park, I. K., Kim, Y. S., Kim, H. J., Moon, H., Mueller, S. and Jeong, Y. I., Physical, morphological, and wound healing properties of a polyurethane foam-film dressing, Biomater Res., 20, 15 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-016-0063-5
Li, Z., Mei, S., Dong, Y., She, F., Li, P., Li, Y. and Kong, L., Multi-Functional Core-Shell Nanofibers for Wound Healing, Nanomater. (Basel), 11(6), 1546 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11061546
Liu, W., Zu, L., Wang, S., Li, J., Fei, X., Geng, M., Zhu, C. and Shi, H., Tailored biomedical materials for wound healing, Burns Trauma, 11, tkad040 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1093/burnst/tkad040
Maan, P., Yadav, K. S. and Yadav, N. P., Wound Healing Activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss Stem Bark in Mice, Pharmacogn Mag., 13(Suppl 2), S316-S320 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.210163
Maduna, L. and Patnaik, A., Challenges Associated with the Production of Nanofibers, Processes, 12(10), 2100 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102100
Mosallanezhad, P., Nazockdast, H., Ahmadi, Z. and Rostami, A., Fabrication and characterization of polycaprolactone/chitosan nanofibers containing antibacterial agents of curcumin and ZnO nanoparticles for use as wound dressing, Front Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10, 1027351 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.1027351
Mourdikoudis, S., Pallares, R. M. and Thanh, N. T. K., Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties, Nanoscale, 10, 12871-12934 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR02278J
Nageh, H., Emam, M. H., Ali, F., Fattah, N. F. A., Taha, M., Amin, R., Kamoun, E. A., Loutfy, S. A. and Kasry, A., Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Loaded Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanofibers as a Potential Face Protector against Respiratory Viral Infections, ACS Omega, 7 (17), 14887-14896 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c00458
Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Ragadhita, R. and Fiandini, M., Interpretation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR): A Practical Approach in the Polymer/Plastic Thermal Decomposition, Indones. J. Sci Technol., 8, 113-126 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v8i1.53297
Nasrine, A., Narayana, S., Ahmed, M. G., Sultana, R., Noushida, N., Salian, R. T., Almuqbil, M., Almadani, M. E., Alshehri, A., Alghamdi, A., Alshehri, S. and Asdaq, S. M. B., Neem (Azadirachta indica) and silk fibroin associated hydrogel: Boon for wound healing treatment regimen, Saudi Pharm J., 31(10), 101749 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101749
Nguyen, H. M, Ngoc, L. T. T., Nguyen, A. T., Thienm L. H. N. and Pham, T. T., Biomedical materials for wound dressing: recent advances and applications, RSC Adv., 13(8), 5509-5528 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA07673J
Nygren, E., Malone, M. and Gefen, A., Laboratory Evaluations of Wound Dressings: Key Advances to Reflect Clinical Reality, Int. Wound J., 22(Suppl 1), e70333 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.70333
Owida, H. A., Nabulsi, -A. J. I., Alnaimat, F., Ayyad, -A. M., Turab, N. M., Sharah, A. A. and Shakur, M., Recent Applications of Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffold in Tissue Engineering, Appl. Bionics Biomech., 2022(1), 1953861 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1953861
Prabhakaran, M. P., Ghasemi, -M. L. and Ramakrishna, S., Electrospun composite nanofibers for tissue regeneration, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 11(4), 3039-3057 (2011).
https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2011.3753
Qu, B., Xiao, Z. and Luo, Y., Sustainable nanotechnology for food preservation: Synthesis, mechanisms, and applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles, J. Agric. Food Res., 19, 101743 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101743
Quevedo, A. C., Guggenheim, E., Briffa, S. M., Adams, J., Lofts, S., Kwak, M., Lee, T.G., Johnston, C., Wagner, S., Holbrook, T.R., Hachenberger, Y.U., Tentschert, J., Davidson, N., Valsami-Jones, E., “UV-Vis Spectroscopic Characterization of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media, J. Vis. Exp., (176), e61764 (2021).
Rahmati, M., Mills, D. K., Urbanska, A. M., Saeb, M. R., Venugopal, J. R., Ramakrishna, S. and Mozafari, M., Electrospinning for tissue engineering applications, Prog. Mater. Sci., 117, 100721 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100721.
Rajora, D. A. and Bal, T., Evaluating neem gum-polyvinyl alcohol (NGP-PVA) blend nanofiber mat as a novel platform for wound healing in murine model, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 226, 760-771 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.014
Raju, R. N., Silina, E., Stupin, V., Manturova, N., Chidambaram, S. B. and Achar, R. R., Multifunctional and Smart Wound Dressings-A Review on Recent Research Advancements in Skin Regenerative Medicine, Pharm., 14(8), 1574 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081574
Rami, J. M., Patel, C. D., Patel, C. M. and Patel, M. V., Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of some synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles, Mater. Today: Proc., 43(Part 1), 655-659 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.554
Rathore, P. and Schiffman, J. D., Beyond the Single-Nozzle: Coaxial Electrospinning Enables Innovative Nanofiber Chemistries, Geometries, and Applications, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 13(1), 48-66 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c17706
Reddy, V. S., Tian, Y., Zhang, C., Ye, Z., Roy, K., Chinnappan, A., Ramakrishna, S., Liu, W. and Ghosh, R., A Review on Electrospun Nanofibers Based Advanced Applications: From Health Care to Energy Devices, Polym., 13(21), 3746 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213746
Refate, A., Mohamed, Y., Mohamed, M., Sobhy, M., Samhy, K., Khaled, O., Eidaroos, K., Batikh, H., El-Kashif, E., El-Khatib, S. and Mehanny, S., Influence of electrospinning parameters on biopolymers nanofibers, with emphasis on cellulose & chitosan, Heliyon, 9(6), e17051 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17051
Rezaei, A., Katoueizadeh, E. and Zebarjad, S. M., Investigating of the influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles morphology on the properties of electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CS) nanofibers, J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol., 86, 104712 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104712
Rezaei, M., Sedaghat, N., Hedayati, S. and Mohammad, -T. G., Fabrication and characterization of novel electrospun nanofibers based on grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) protein isolate loaded with sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) extract, Curr. Res. Food Sci., 9, 100891 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100891
Riasvand, L., Chenari, M. H. and Khalili, S., Electrospun Mn:CeO2/PVP Nanofiber Fabrication: Whole Powder Pattern Modeling of X-ray Diffraction Data, Morphology Study and Optical Properties, J. Electron. Mater., 48, 7730–7737 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07597-6
Saadony, -El. M. T., Fang, G., Yan, S., Alkafaas, S. S., Nasharty, M. A. El., Khedr, S. A., Hussien, A. M., Ghosh, S., Dladla, M., Elkafas, S. S., Ibrahim, E. H., Salem, H. M., Mosa, W. F. A., Ahmed, A. E., Mohammed, D. M., Korma, S. A., Tarabily, M. K. -El., Saad, A. M., Tarabily, -El. K. A. and AbuQamar, S. F., Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications - A Review, Int. J. Nanomed., 19, 12889–12937, (2024).
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S487188
Sahni, R. N. and Dubey, V. S., Pharmaco-therapeutic study of neem (Azadirachta indica a. juss.) In the management wound healing, Ayushdhara, 4(2), (2017).
https://ayushdhara.in/index.php/ayushdhara/article/view/265
SalehHudin, H. S., Mohamad, E. N., Mahadi, W. N. L. and Afifi, M. A., Multiple-jet electrospinning methods for nanofiber processing: A review, Mater. Manuf. Processes, 33(5), 479–498 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1388523
Serim, T. M., Amasya, G., Eren, -B. T., Şengel, -T. C. T. and Özdemir, A. N., Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue, Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 15, 941–953 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.15.77
Sethuram, L. and Thomas, J., Therapeutic applications of electrospun nanofibers impregnated with various biological macromolecules for effective wound healing strategy – A review, Biomed. Pharmacother., 157, 113996 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113996
Shahid, Md. A., Hasan, Md. M., Alam, M. R., Mohebullah, M. and Chowdhury, M. A., Antibacterial multicomponent electrospun nanofibrous mat through the synergistic effect of biopolymers, J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater., 20, x-x (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1177/22808000221136
Shahidi, F. and Zhong, Y., Measurement of antioxidant activity, J. Funct. Foods, 18(Part B), 757-781, (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.047
Shetty, K., Bhandari, A. and Yadav, K. S., Nanoparticles incorporated in nanofibers using electrospinning: A novel nano-in-nano delivery system, J. Controlled Release, 350, 421-434 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.035
Shrivastav, A., Mishra, A. K., Abid, M., Ahmad, A., Fabuzinadah, M. and Khan, N. A., Extracts of Tridax procumbens linn leaves causes wound healing in diabetic and Non-diabetic laboratory animals, Wound Med., 29, 100185 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wndm.2020.100185
Sudhakaran, G., Prathap, P., Guru, A., Rajesh, R., Sathish, S., Madhavan, T., Arasu, M. V., Al-Dhabi, N. A., Choi, K. C., Gopinath, P. and Arockiaraj, J., Anti-inflammatory role demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo models using nonsteroidal tetranortriterpenoid, Nimbin (N1) and its analogs (N2 and N3) that alleviate the domestication of alternative medicine, Cell Biol. Int., 46(5), 771-791 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbin.11769
Sun, M., Hou, T., Zhou, J., Zhou, L., Zhang, Z., Li, X. and Yang, B., Nanofibers with an Adjustable Core-Sheath Structure Constructed from Hyperbranched Polyester for Efficient Loading of ZnO Nanoparticles, ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 6 (11), 9707-9717 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c01386
Suryamathi, M., Ruba, C., Viswanathamurthi, P., Balasubramanian, V. and Perumal, P., Tridax Procumbens Extract Loaded Electrospun PCL Nanofibers: A Novel Wound Dressing Material, Macromol. Res., 27, 55–60 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-019-7022-7
Thayyullathil, T., Francis, T., Stephy, A. and Padmanabhan, A., Thermal degradation kinetics studies of polyvinylidene fluoride/ZSM-5 hybrid nanofiber by thermogravimetric analysis, Therm. Adv., 3, 100035 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thradv.2025.100035
Torres, -M. E. J., Bravo, C. J. M., Medina, S. A., González, P. G. L., Gómez, V. L. J., A Summary of Electrospun Nanofibers as Drug Delivery System: Drugs Loaded and Biopolymers Used as Matrices, Curr. Drug Deliv., 15(10), 1360-1374 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201815666180723114326
Verma, A., Kumar, D., Nema, A., Sheikh, T., Shukla, M., Ranjan, R. and Jain, P., Studies on the efficacy of fresh Tridax procumbens leaves on wound healing in calves, Pharma Innovation, 12(6), 1303-1305 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12394.53441
Voorhis, C., González-Benito, J. and Kramar, A., Nano in Nano—Incorporation of ZnO Nanoparticles into Cellulose Acetate–Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Composite Nanofibers Using Solution Blow Spinning, Polym., 16(3), 341 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16030341
Wang, H., Li, S., Wu, T., Wang, X., Cheng, X. and Li, D., A Comparative Study on the Characterization of Nanofibers with Cellulose I, I/II, and II Polymorphs from Wood, Polym. (Basel)., 11(1), 153 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11010153
Wylie, M. R. and Merrell, D. S., The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica, Front. Pharmacol., 13, 891535 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.891535
Xie, Z., Paras, C. B., Weng, H., Punnakitikashem, P., Su, L. C., Vu, K., Tang, L., Yang, J. and Nguyen, K. T., Dual growth factor releasing multi-functional nanofibers for wound healing, Acta Biomaterialia, 9(12), 9351-9 (2013).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.07.030
Xing, J., Zhang, M., Liu, X., Wang, C., Xu, N. and Xing, D., Multi-material electrospinning: from methods to biomedical applications, Mater. Today Bio, 21, 100710 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100710
Xiong, J., Liu, Y., Li, A., Wei, L., Wang, L., Qin, X. and Yu, J., Mass production of high-quality nanofibers via constructing pre-Taylor cones with high curvature on needleless electrospinning, Mater. Des., 197, 109247 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109247
Xu, G., Chen, M., Gao, Y., Chen, Y., Luo, Z., Wang, H., Fan, J., Luo, J., Ou, W., Zeng, J., Zhu, Z. and Chen, R., Gas-assisted electrospinning of high-performance ceramic fibers: Optimal design modelling and experimental results of the gas channel of the nozzl, Front. Mater., 10, 1113168 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2023.1113168
Yadav, P. D., Londhe, P. V., Chavan, S. S., Mohite, D. D., Firame, G. B., Kadam, S. S., Patil, M. J. and Ansari, M. I., Electrospun composite nanofibers for wound healing: synthesis, characterization, and clinical potential of biopolymer-based materials, Discover Mater., 4, 99 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43939-024-00173-8
Yaduvanshi, B., Mathur, R., Mathur, S. R. and Velpandian, T., Evaluation of wound healing potential of topical formulation of leaf juice of tridax procumbens L. In mice, Ind. J. Pharm. Sci., 73(3), 303-6 (2011).
https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.93523
Yang, R., He, J., Xu, L. and Yu, J., Bubble-electrospinning for fabricating nanofibers, Polym., 50(24), 5846-5850 (2009).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.10.021
Yin, H., Casey, P. S., McCall, M. J. and Fenech, M., Size-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of ZnO particles to human lymphoblastoid (WIL2-NS) cells, Environ. Mol. Mutagenesis, 56(9), 767-776 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1002/em.21962
Zheng, G., Jiang, J., Wang, X., Li, W., Liu, J., Fu, G. and Lin, L., Nanofiber membranes by multi-jet electrospinning arranged as arc-array with sheath gas for electrodialysis applications, Mater. Des., 189, 108504 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108504
Zhmayev, E., Cho, D. and Joo, Y. L., Nanofibers from gas-assisted polymer melt electrospinning, Polym., 51(18), 4140-4144 (2010).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.058
Zhou, R., Ma, Y., Yang, M., Cheng, Y., Ma, X., Li, B., Zhang, Y., Cui, X., Liu, M., Long, Y. and Li, C., Wound dressings using electrospun nanofibers: mechanisms, applications, and future directions, Eur. Polym. J., 231, 113900 (2025).
