Density Analysis of rGO–Nanodiamond Hybrid Nanofluids Based on Water, Ethylene Glycol and their Mixtures
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 14, No 3 (September 2025) pp. 81-86
Abstract
This work examines the density of a mixture of reduced graphene oxide–nanodiamond (rGO–ND) nanoparticles dispersed in five different nanofluids. The base fluids considered in this study are water, ethylene glycol, 80:20% W+EG, 60:40% W+EG, and 40:60% W+EG mixtures. In order to prepare the stable hybrid nanofluids, the graphene oxide-nanodiamond hybrid nanoparticles were dispersed in the base fluids. Measurements were performed under different volume loadings (0 < < 1.0%), and different temperatures (293 K < T < 333 K). An increase in density was observed with increasing volume loadings and temperatures. A maximum density enhancement of 1.1314% was observed for the case of water-based hybrid nanofluids compared to the other nanofluids. Based on the obtained data, non-linear regression equations were proposed.
Full Text
Reference
Ahuja, A. S., Augmentation of heat transport in laminar flow of polystyrene suspensions. I. Experiments and results, J. Appl. Phys., 46, 3408-3416 (1975).
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.322107
ASHRAE, Handbook Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers Inc., Atlanta, 187-199, (2005).
Chiam, H. W., Azmi, W. H., Usri, N. A., Mamat, R. and Adam, N. M., Thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al2O3 nanofluids for different based ratio of water and ethylene glycol mixture, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 81, 420–429 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.09.013
Choi, S. U. S. and Eastman J. A., Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition, 12-15, (1995).
Elsaid, K., Abdelkareem, M. A., Maghrabie, H. M., Sayed, E. T., Wilberforce, T., Baroutaji, A. and Olabi, A. G., Thermophysical properties of graphene-based nanofluids, Int. J. Thermofluids, 10, 100073 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2021.100073
Hachey, M. A., Nguyen, C. T., Galanis, N. and Popa, C. V., Experimental investigation of Al2O3 nanofluids thermal properties and rheology - Effects of transient and steady-state heat exposure, Int. J. Therm. Sci., 76, 155–167 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2013.09.002
Hummers, W. S. and Offeman, R. E., Preparation of graphitic oxide, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80(6), 1339 (1958).
https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01539a017
Sundar, L. S., Singh, M. K. and Sousa, A. C. M., Enhanced thermal properties of nanodiamond nanofluids, Chem. Phys. Lett., 644, 99–110 (2016a).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2015.11.028
Jamei, M., Karbasi, M., Dehkordi, M. M., Olumegbon, I. A., Abualigah, L., Said, Z. and Asadi, A., Estimating the density of hybrid nanofluids for thermal energy application: Application of non-parametric and evolutionary polynomial regression data-intelligent techniques, Meas., 189 110524 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.110524
Liu, M.S., Lin, M. C. C. and Wang, C. C., Enhancements of thermal conductivities with Cu, CuO, and carbon nanotube nanofluids and application of MWNT/water nanofluid on a water chiller system, Nanoscale Res Lett., 6, 297 (2011).
https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-6-297
Montazer, E., Salami, E., Yarmand, H., Chowdhury, Z. Z., Dahari, M., Kazi, S. N. and Badarudin, A., Development of a new density correlation for carbon-based nanofluids using response surface methodology, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 132, 1399–1407 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-6978-4
Nguyen, C. T., Desgranges, F., Galanis, N., Roy, G., Mare, T., Boucher S. and Mintsa, A. H., Viscosity data for Al2O3-water nanofluid e hysteresis: is heat transfer enhancement using nanofluids reliable, Int. J. Therm. Sci., 47(2), 103–111 (2008).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2007.01.033
Pathipakka, G. and Sivashanmugam, P., Heat transfer behaviour of nanofluids in a uniformly heated circular tube fitted with helical inserts in laminar flow, Superlatt. Microstruct., 47(2), 349–360 (2010).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2009.12.008
Radkar, R. N., Bhanvase, B. A., Barai, D. P. and Sonawane, S. H., Intensified convective heat transfer using ZnO nanofluids in heat exchanger with helical coiled geometry at constant wall temperature, Mater. Sci. Energy Technol., 2(2), 161–170 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.01.007
Satti, J. R., Das, D. K. and Ray, D., Specific heat measurements of five different propylene glycol based nanofluids and development of a new correlation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 94, 343–353 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.11.065
Shahrul, I. M., Mahbubul, I. M., Khaleduzzaman, S. S., Saidur, R. and Sabri, M. F. M., A comparative review on the specific heat of nanofluids for energy perspective, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 38, 88–98 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.081
Srinivasan, D., Senthilkumar, N., Ganesh, M. and Perumal, G., Characterization studies on nano aluminium composite reinforced with montmorillonite nanoclay and titanium carbide, Multiscale Multidiscip. Model. Exp. Des., 7, 2839–2859 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-024-00374-x
Sundar, L. S., Specific heat analysis of water and ethylene glycol based rGO-ND hybrid nanofluids: Experimental and artificial neural network predictions, J. Nano Res., 86, 89-109 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.4028/p-xEF4XO
Sundar, L. S., Naik, M. T., Sharma, K. V., Singh, M. K. and Reddy, S. C. T., Experimental investigation of forced convection heat transfer and friction factor in a tube with Fe3O4 magnetic nanofluid, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 37, 65–71 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2011.10.004
Sundar, L. S., Singh, M. K. and Sousa, A. C. M., Experimental thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanodiamond-based propylene glycol and water mixtures, Diamond Relat. Mater., 69, 49-60 (2016b).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2016.07.007
Vallarasu, K., Sampathkumar, V., Manoj, S., Raja, K., Vijayalakshmi, V., Gopalakrishnan, K. M. and Navaneethan, K. S., Catalytical Degradation of Industrial Dyes using Biosynthesized Nanoparticles – Review, J. Environ. Nanotechnol., 12(4), 93-107(2023).
https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2023.12.234489
Vajjha, R. S., Das, D. K. and Mahagaonkar, B. M., Density measurement of different nanofluids and their comparison with theory, Pet. Sci. Technol., 27(6), 612-624 (2006).
https://doi.org/10.1080/10916460701857714
Yadav, D., Nirala, A., Kumar, R. and Singh, P. K., Density variation in nanofluids as a function of concentration and temperature, Mater. Today: Proc., 46, 6576-6580 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.052
Yıldırımcan, S. Influence of antimony doping on structural, morphological and optical properties of CuO powders, Adv. Eng. Sci., 4, 120–129 (2024).
Zhelezny, V. P., Motovoy, I. V. and Ustyuzhanin, E. E., Prediction of nanofluids properties: the density and the heat capacity, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 891, 012347 (2017).
