Synthesis of Bougainvillea spectabilis Leaf Extract-mediated ZnO, MgO and CuO Nanoparticles
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 15, No 1 (March 2026) pp. 167-174
Abstract
In this research work, Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extract-mediated ZnO, MgO and CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by green synthesis. Due to the presence of phytochemical compounds like saponins, alkaloids etc., Bougainvillea spectabilis leaf extract was utilized as a stabilizing and reducing agent. X-ray diffraction, UV-Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy were the characterization techniques used for analyzing the samples. Crystalline size of the prepared samples was determined by X-ray diffraction method and functional groups were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The presence of elements in the prepared samples was revealed by SEM-EDAX studies. The optical properties of the nanoparticles were studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy in the range 200-800 nm. The antidiabetic activity of the metal oxide nanoparticles was also studied.
Full Text
Reference
Abdelkhalek, A. and Alaskar, A. A., Green Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles Mediated by Mentha spicata Extract Induce Plant Systemic Resistance against Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Appl. Sci., 10(15), 5054 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155054
Ahamed, M., Akhtar, M. J. and Khan, M. A. M., Green-fabricated MgO nanoparticles: a potent antimicrobial and anticancer agent, J. King Saud Univers. Sci., 35, 102889 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102889
Alabur, M., Irfan, M., Anushree, K. P., Vinutha, K. M. and Yamunarani, N., Synthesis and characterization of CuO Nanoparticles and CuO doped PVA Nanocomposites, Adv. Mater. Phys. Chem., 6(10), 263–273 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.4236/ampc.2016.610026
Ali, M. M., Al-Qahtani, A., Alharthi, S. S., Anwar, A., Alhoshani, A., Barakat, A. and Alshahrani, M. M., Exploring the antibacterial potential of green-synthesized MgO and ZnO nanoparticles from two plant root extracts, Nanomater., 13(11), 1740 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13111740
Amani, G. K., Azizi, S., Sintwa, N., Mokalane, K., Mohale, K. C., Mudau, F. N. and Maaza, M., Effect of Optimized Precursor Concentration, Temperature, and Doping on Optical Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized via a Green Route Using Bush Tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) Leaf Extracts, ACS Omega., 7(36), 31658-31666 (2022).
Chauhan, D., Kumar, R., Thakur, N. and Kumar, K., Aloe vera-assisted biogenic synthesis of tunable magnesium oxide nanoparticles for enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial applications, J. Dispers. Sci. Technol., (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2024.2378203
Cullity, B. D. and Stock, S. R., Elements of X-ray Diffraction, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 2001.
Dhineshbabu, N. R., Rajendran, V., Nithyavathy, N. and Vetumperumal, R., Study of Structural and Optical Properties of Cupric Oxide (CuO) Nanoparticles, Appl. Nanosci., 6, 933 (2016).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-0499-2
Fouda, A., Saied, E., Eid, A. M., Kouadri, F., Alemam, A. M., Hamza, M. F., Alharbi, M., Elkelish, A. and Hassan, S. E. D., Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using an Aqueous Extract of Punica granatum for Antimicrobial and Catalytic Activity, J. Funct. Biomater., 14(4), 205 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14040205
International Centre for Diffraction Data. (1997). JCPDS card No. 48-1548. ICDD.
Marwaha, N., Gupta, B. K., Verma, R. and Srivastava, A. K., Facile synthesis and characterization of pH-dependent pristine MgO nanostructures for visible light emission, J. Mater. Sci., 52, 10480–10484 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1231-2
Munisha, M., Kumar, S., Gaur, J., Kaushal, S., Dalal, J., Singh, G., Misra, M. and Ahlawat, D. S., Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Justicia adhatoda for photocatalytic degradation of malachite green and reduction of 4-nitrophenol, RSC Adv., 15(4), 2958-2980 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra08632e
Najamul, L., Sattar, A., Omer, M. O., Hafeez, M. A., Khalid, A. R., Mahmood, S., Shabbir, M. A., Ahmed, W., Aleem, M. T., Alouffi, A. and Almutairi, M. M., Biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Nigella sativa against coccidiosis in commercial poultry, Sci. Rep., 13, 6568 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33416-4
Nguyen, D. T. C., Dang, H. H., Vo, D. V. N., Bach, L. G., Nguyen, T. D. and Tran, T. V., Biogenic synthesis of MgO nanoparticles from different extracts (flower, bark, leaf) of Tecoma stans (L.) and their utilization in selected organic dyes treatment, J. Hazard. Mater., 404, 124146 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124146
Panchal, P., Paul, D. R., Gautam, S., Meena, P., Nehra, S. P., Maken, S. and Sharma, A., Photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of green synthesized Ag-doped MgO nanocomposites towards environmental sustainability, Chemosphere, 297, 134182 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.13418
Patil, S. S., Shedbalkar, U. U., Truskewycz, A., Chopade, B. A. and Ball, A. S., Nanoparticles for environmental clean-up: A review of potential risks and emerging solutions, Environ. Technol. Innovation., 5, 10–21 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2015.11.001
Prashantkumar, S. C., Banakar, A., Puranik, S. N., Kaveeshwar, V., Ravikumar, C. R. and Gayathri, Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258, Beilstein J. Nanotechnol., 16, 78-89 (2025).
https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.16.8
Raliya, R., Tarafdar, J. C. and Biswas, P., Enhancing the mobilization of native phosphorus in the Mung bean rhizosphere using ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by fungi, J. Agric. Food Chem., 64(16), 3111–3118 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05224
Ramesh, M., Anbuvannan, M. and Viruthagiri, G., Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Solanum nigrum leaf extract and their antibacterial activity, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A., 136, 864–870 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.09.105
Rotti, R. B., Sunitha, D. V., Manjunath, R., Roy, A., Borehalli, S. B. M., Alghamdi, S. and Khidir, E. B., Green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles and its antibacterial properties, Front. Chem., 11, 1143614 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2023.1143614
Sankar, R., Maheswari, R., Karthik, S., Shivashangari, K. S. and Ravikumar, V., Anticancer activity of Ficus religiosa engineered copper oxide nanoparticles, Mater. Sci. Eng. C., 44, 234–239 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.030
Shifa, S., Jose, B., Raphael, R. and Anila, E. I., Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide thin films by double dip method, IOP Conf. Seri., 1070(1), 012011 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1070/1/012011
Vella, D. S. C., Ganapathi, R. R., Kumar, E. and Muthuraj, D., Structural, optical, morphological and thermal properties of CuO nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel technique, J. Nano-Electron. Phy., 11(5), 05011 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.21272/jnep.11(5).05011
Xuan, T. T., Bien, T. T. L., Tran, T. V. and Nguyen, T. T. T., Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of Eclipta prostrata and Piper longum: characterization and assessment of their antioxidant, antibacterial, and photocatalytic properties, Nanoscale Adv., 6(19), 4885-4899 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1039/D4NA00326H
Zaman, S., Zainelabdin, A., Amin, G., Nur, O. and Willander, M., Efficient catalytic effect of CuO nanostructures on the degradation of organic dyes, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 73, 1320–1324 (2012).
