Open Access

A Review on Recent Progress in Additive Manufacturing of Nano-ceramic Materials in Dental 3D Application

M. Sivaraman, sivashree303@gmail.com
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, TN, India
G. Bharathiraja, bharathirajag.sse@saveetha.com
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, TN, India
H. Bahuruteen Ali Ahamadu, baahamadu@gmail.com
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Chennai, TN, India
M. Ramkumar ramkumar.manimuthu@kahedu.edu.in
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, TN, India



J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 14, No 2 (June 2025) pp. 274-293

https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2025.06.2521492

PDF


Abstract

Ceramics are high performing materials and are used in additive manufacturing (AM) in dental applications because the ceramic nanomaterial can withstand high temperatures. The advancements in ceramic additive manufacturing technology have significantly improved the manufacturing process.  Additive manufacturing is still under development. The ultrasonic technique is used to detect defects in dental models produced by a 3D printing machine. Ceramic materials are widely used these days because they have promising thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. While these processes are currently in development, significant improvements are still needed in areas such as testing methods, raw material quality, cost efficiency, and material handling. Additionally, every stage involved in AM of dental prosthetics requires further refinement to ensure consistent and reliable resultss.

Full Text

Reference


Alghauli, M. A. and Alqutaibi, A. Y., 3D-printed intracoronal restorations, occlusal and laminate veneers: Clinical relevance, properties, and behavior compared to milled restorations; a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Esthet. Restor. Dent., 36(8), 1153–1170(2024).

https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.13228

Allen, A. J., Levin, I. and Witt, S. E., Materials research & measurement needs for ceramics additive manufacturing, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 103(11), 6055–6069(2020).

https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.17369

Arnesano, A., Kunjalukkal, P. S., Notarangelo, A., Montagna, F. and Licciulli, A., Fused deposition modeling shaping of glass infiltrated alumina for dental restoration, Ceram. Int., 46(2), 2206–2212(2020).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.205

Baumgartner, S., Gmeiner, R., Schönherr, J. A. and Stampfl, J., Stereolithography-based additive manufacturing of lithium disilicate glass ceramic for dental applications, Mater. Sci. Eng. C., 116, 111180(2020).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111180

Bertoni, S., Carossa, M., Favero, R., Carboncini, F. and D. L. F., Minimally Invasive Resin-Bonded Zirconia Veneers for the Treatment of Discolored Teeth: A Multidisciplinary Case Report by the First Committee of Junior Members of the Italian Dental Prosthesis and Oral Rehabilitation Society (SIPRO), Prosthes., 7(1), 1(2024).

https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7010001

Blakey-Milner, B., Gradl, P., Snedden, G., Brooks, M., Pitot, J., Lopez, E., Leary, M., Berto, F. and du, A., Metal additive manufacturing in aerospace: A review, Mater. Des., 209, 110008(2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110008

Borlaf, M., Serra-Capdevila, A., Colominas, C. and Graule, T., Development of UV-curable ZrO2 slurries for additive manufacturing (LCM-DLP) technology., J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 39(13), 3797–3803(2019).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.05.023

Branco, A. C., Colaço, R., Figueiredo-Pina, C. G. and Serro, A. P., Recent Advances on 3D-Printed Zirconia-Based Dental Materials: A Review, Mater., 16(5), 1860(2023).

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051860

Branco, A. C., Silva, R., Santos, T., Jorge, H., Rodrigues, A. R., Fernandes, R., Bandarra, S., Barahona, I., Matos, A. P. A., Lorenz, K., Polido, M., Colaço, R., Serro, A. P. and Figueiredo-Pina, C. G., Suitability of 3D printed pieces of nanocrystalline zirconia for dental applications, Dent. Mater., 36(3), 442–455(2020).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2020.01.006

Brennan, M., Keist, J. S. and Palmer, T. A., Defects in Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes. In Additive Manufacturing Processes, ASM. Int., (2020).

https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006557

Cai, P., Guo, L., Liu, L., Zhang, Q., Li, J. and Lue, Q., Rapid manufacturing of silica glass parts with complex structures through stereolithography and pressureless spark plasma sintering, Ceram. Int., 48(1), 55–63(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.345

Camargo, I. L. de, Morais, M. M., Fortulan, C. A. and Branciforti, M. C., A review on the rheological behavior and formulations of ceramic suspensions for vat photopolymerization, Ceram. Int., 47(9), 11906–11921(2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.031

Campos, T. M. B., da, S. A. C., Spirandeli, B. R., Bergamo, E. T. P., Alves, L. M. M., Jalkh, E. B. B., Thim, G. P., Santos, C., Coelho, P. G. and Bonfante, E. A., Glass infiltration in an experimental ATZ ceramic composite reinforced with Al2O3 whiskers, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 164, 106892(2025).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.106892

Chaiamornsup, P., Iwasaki, N., Tsuchida, Y. and Takahashi, H., Effects of build orientation on adaptation of casting patterns for three-unit partial fixed dental prostheses fabricated by using digital light projection, J. Prosthet. Dent., 128(5), 1047–1054(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.01.006

Chen, F., Wu, J. M., Wu, H. Q., Chen, Y., Li, C. H. and Shi, Y. S., Microstructure and mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP dental ceramics fabricated by selective laser sintering combined with cold isostatic pressing, Int. J. Lightweight. Mater. Manuf., 1(4), 239–245(2018).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2018.09.002

Chen, F., Zhu, H., Wu, J. M., Chen, S., Cheng, L. J., Shi, Y. S., Mo, Y. C., Li, C. H. and Xiao, J., Preparation and biological evaluation of ZrO2 all-ceramic teeth by DLP technology, Ceram. Int., 46(8), 11268–11274(2020).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.01.152

Chen, Z., Li, Z., Li, J., Liu, C., Lao, C., Fu, Y., Liu, C., Li, Y., Wang, P. and He, Y., 3D printing of ceramics: A review, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 39(4), 661–687(2019).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.11.013

Clemens, F., Sarraf, F., Borzì, A., Neels, A. and Hadian, A., Material extrusion additive manufacturing of advanced ceramics: Towards the production of large components, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 43(7), 2752–2760(2023).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.10.019

Duarte, S. and Phark, J. H., Advances in Dental Restorations: A Comprehensive Review of Machinable and 3D-Printed Ceramic-Reinforced Composites, J. Esthet. Restor. Dent., 37(1), 257–276(2025).

https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.13371

Duarte, S. and Phark, J., Advances in Dental Restorations: A Comprehensive Review of Machinable and 3D-Printed Ceramic‐Reinforced Composites, J. Esthet. Restor. Dent., 37(1), 257–276(2024).

https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.13371

Fouad, R. A., Ibrahim, A. A. A., El-Sayed Seleman, M. M., Ataya, S. and Habba, M. I. A. A., Mechanical properties and wear performance of denture base polymethyl methacrylate reinforced with nano Al2O3, J. Therm. Compos. Mater., 37(12), 3834–3859(2024).

https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241241500

Han, Z., Liu, S., Qiu, K., Liu, J., Zou, R., Wang, Y., Zhao, J., Liu, F., Wang, Y. and Li, L., The enhanced ZrO2 produced by DLP via a reliable plasticizer and its dental application, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 141, 105751(2023).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105751

Hossain, S. S. and Lu, K., Recent progress of alumina ceramics by direct ink writing: Ink design, printing and post-processing. Ceramics International, 49(7), 10199–10212(2023).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.01.143

Ioannidis, A., Bomze, D., Hämmerle, C. H. F., Hüsler, J., Birrer, O. and Mühlemann, S., Load-bearing capacity of CAD/CAM 3D-printed zirconia, CAD/CAM milled zirconia, and heat-pressed lithium disilicate ultra-thin occlusal veneers on molars, Dent. Mater., 36(4), 109–116(2020).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2020.01.016

Ioannidis, A., Park, J. M., Hüsler, J., Bomze, D., Mühlemann, S. and Özcan, M., An in vitro comparison of the marginal and internal adaptation of ultrathin occlusal veneers made of 3D-printed zirconia, milled zirconia, and heat-pressed lithium disilicate, J. Prosthet. Dent., 128(4), 709–715(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.09.053

Javaid, M. and Haleem, A., Current status and applications of additive manufacturing in dentistry: A literature-based review, J. Oral. Biol. Craniofacial. Res., 9(3), 179–185(2019).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.04.004

Kriegseis, S., Aretz, L., Jennes, M. E., Schmidt, F., Tonnesen, T. and Schickle, K., 3D printing of complex ceramic dental implant abutments by using Direct Inkjet Printing, Mater. Lett., 313, 131789(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.131789

Lakhdar, Y., Tuck, C., Binner, J., Terry, A. and Goodridge, R., Additive manufacturing of advanced ceramic materials, Prog. Mater. Sci., 116, 100736(2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100736

Li, H., Song, L., Sun, J., Ma, J. and Shen, Z., Dental ceramic prostheses by stereolithography-based additive manufacturing: potentials and challenges, Adv. Appl. Ceram., 118(1–2), 30–36(2018).

https://doi.org/10.1080/17436753.2018.1447834

Li, J., An, X., Liang, J., Zhou, Y. and Sun, X., Recent advances in the stereolithographic three-dimensional printing of ceramic cores: Challenges and prospects, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 117, 79–98(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.10.041

Li, X., Hu, K. and Lu, Z., Effect of light attenuation on polymerization of ceramic suspensions for stereolithography, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 39(7), 2503–2509(2019).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.01.002

Lian, Q., Wu, X., Li, D., He, X., Meng, J., Liu, X. and Jin, Z., Accurate printing of a zirconia molar crown bridge using three-part auxiliary supports and ceramic mask projection stereolithography, Ceram. Int., 45(15), 18814–18822(2019).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.06.111

Liu, K., Zhang, K., Bourell, D. L., Chen, F., Sun, H., Shi, Y., Wang, J., He, M. and Chen, J., Gelcasting of zirconia-based all-ceramic teeth combined with stereolithography, Ceram. Int., 44(17), 21556–21563(2018).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.219

Lüchtenborg, J., Willems, E., Zhang, F., Wesemann, C., Weiss, F., Nold, J., Sun, J., Sandra, F., Bai, J., Reveron, H., Chevalier, J. and Spies, B. C., Accuracy of additively manufactured zirconia four-unit fixed dental prostheses fabricated by stereolithography, digital light processing and material jetting compared with subtractive manufacturing, Dent. Mater., 38(9), 1459–1469(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.026

Marsico, C., Carpenter, I., Kutsch, J., Fehrenbacher, L. and Arola, D., Additive manufacturing of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic by vat polymerization for dental appliances, Dent. Mater., 38(12), 2030–2040(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2022.11.005

Olhero, S. M., Torres, P. M. C., Mesquita-Guimarães, J., Baltazar, J., Pinho-da-Cruz, J. and Gouveia, S., Conventional versus additive manufacturing in the structural performance of dense alumina-zirconia ceramics: 20 years of research, challenges and future perspectives, J. Manuf. Proc., 77, 838–879(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.02.041

Panyasuksri, N., Angkasith, P., Yavirach, A., Chaijareenont, P., Saokaew, S. and Kanchanasurakit, S., Clinical Efficacy of Anterior Ceramic Materials in Resin-Bonded Fixed Dental Prostheses with Different Bridge Designs—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Prosthes., 7(2), 41(2025).

https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7020041

Punia, U., Kaushik, A., Garg, R. K., Chhabra, D. and Sharma, A., 3D printable biomaterials for dental restoration: A systematic review, Mater. Today. Proc., 63, 566–572(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.018

Punj, S., Singh, J. and Singh, K., Ceramic biomaterials: Properties, state of the art and future prospectives, Ceram. Int., 47(20), 28059–28074(2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.06.238

Qian, C., Hu, K., Li, J., Li, P. and Lu, Z., The effect of light scattering in stereolithography ceramic manufacturing, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 41(14), 7141–7154(2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.07.017

Rodrigues, I., Guedes, M., Olhero, S., Chefdor, A., Branco, A. C., Leite, M., Serro, A. P. and Figueiredo-Pina, C. G., Development of free binder zirconia-based pastes for the production of dental pieces by robocasting, J. Manuf. Proc., 57, 1–9(2020).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.06.015

Rues, S., Zehender, N., Zenthöfer, A., Bömicke, W., Herpel, C., Ilani, A., Erber, R., Roser, C., Lux, C. J., Rammelsberg, P. and Schwindling, F. S., Fit of anterior restorations made of 3D-printed and milled zirconia: An in-vitro study, J. Dent., 130, 104415(2023).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104415

Saini, R. S., Alshadidi, A. A. F., Gurumurthy, V., Okshah, A., Vaddamanu, S. K., Binduhayyim, R. I. H., Chaturvedi, S., Bavabeedu, S. S. and Heboyan, A., Quantum mechanical analysis of yttrium-stabilized zirconia and alumina: implications for mechanical performance of esthetic crowns, Eur. J. Med. Res., 29(1), 254(2024).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-024-01851-2

Schönherr, J. A., Baumgartner, S., Hartmann, M. and Stampfl, J., Stereolithographic Additive Manufacturing of High Precision Glass Ceramic Parts, Mater., 13(7), 1492(2020).

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071492

Schwarzer, E., Holtzhausen, S., Scheithauer, U., Ortmann, C., Oberbach, T., Moritz, T. and Michaelis, A., Process development for additive manufacturing of functionally graded alumina toughened zirconia components intended for medical implant application, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 39(2–3), 522–530(2019).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.09.003

Shi, Y. and Wang, W., 3D inkjet printing of the zirconia ceramic implanted teeth, Mater. Lett., 261, 12713(2020).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.127131

Singh, R., Saxena, K. K. and Singhal, P., Role of additive manufacturing in dental applications using ceramics: A review, Mater. Today. Proc., 56, 2359–2364(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.157

Sivaraman, M. and Bharathiraja, G., Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum-ceramic Inks with Nanomaterials Using the Taguchi Method, J. Environ. Nanotechnol., 14(1), 124–136(2025).

https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2025.03.2511220

Spina, R. and Morfini, L., Material extrusion additive manufacturing of ceramics: A review on filament-based process, Mater., 17(11), 2779(2024).

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112779

Srivastava, M., Rathee, S., Patel, V., Kumar, A. and Koppad, P. G., A review of various materials for additive manufacturing: Recent trends and processing issues, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 21, 2612–2641(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.015

Su, R., Chen, J., Zhang, X., Wang, W., Li, Y., He, R. and Fang, D., 3D‐Printed Micro/Nano‐Scaled Mechanical Metamaterials: Fundamentals, Technologies, Progress, Applications, and Challenges, Small., 19(29) 2206391(2023).

https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202206391

Sun, J., Yu, S., Wade-Zhu, J., Wang, Y., Qu, H., Zhao, S., Zhang, R., Yang, J., Binner, J. and Bai, J., 3D printing of ceramic composite with biomimetic toughening design, Addit. Manuf., 58, 103027(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103027

Wang, G., Wang, S., Dong, X., Zhang, Y. and Shen, W., Recent progress in additive manufacturing of ceramic dental restorations, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 26, 1028–1049(2023).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.07.257

Wang, L., Yao, L., Tang, W. and Dou, R., Effect of Fe2O3 doping on color and mechanical properties of dental 3Y-TZP ceramics fabricated by stereolithography-based additive manufacturing, Ceram. Int., 49(8), 12105–12115(2023).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.12.062

Wang, S., Peng, L., Song, C. and Wang, C., Digital light processing additive manufacturing of thin dental porcelain veneers, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.., 43(3), 1161–1167(2023).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.10.080

Wang, W. and Sun, J., Dimensional accuracy and clinical adaptation of ceramic crowns fabricated with the stereolithography technique, J. Prosthet. Dent., 125(4), 657–663(2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.02.032

Wang, W., Yu, H., Liu, Y., Jiang, X. and Gao, B., Trueness analysis of zirconia crowns fabricated with 3-dimensional printing, J. Prosthet. Dent., 121(2), 285–291(2019).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.04.012

Warreth, A. and Elkareimi, Y., All-ceramic restorations: A review of the literature, Saudi. Dent. J., 32(8), 365–372(2020).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.05.004

Westbeek, S., Remmers, J. J. C., van, D. J. A. W. and Geers, M. G. D., Multi-scale process simulation for additive manufacturing through particle filled vat photopolymerization, Comput. Mater. Sci., 180, 109647(2020).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2020.109647

Westbeek, S., van Dommelen, J. A. W., Remmers, J. J. C. and Geers, M. G. D., Influence of particle shape in the additive manufacturing process for ceramics, Comput. Math. Appl., 78(7), 2360–2376(2019).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2018.08.033

Wu, X., Teng, J., Ji, X., Xu, C., Ma, D., Sui, S. and Zhang, Z., Research progress of the defects and innovations of ceramic vat photopolymerization, Addit. Manuf., 65, 103441(2023)..

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103441

Xiang, D., Xu, Y., Bai, W. and Lin, H., Dental zirconia fabricated by stereolithography: Accuracy, translucency and mechanical properties in different build orientations, Ceram. Int., 47(20), 28837–28847(2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.07.044

Xu, W., Direct Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Metal Parts: SLM, EBM, Laser Metal Deposition. In Encyclopedia of Materials: Metals and Alloys, Elsevier., 3, 290–318(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819726-4.00095-8

Yang, B., Wang, S., Wang, G. and Yang, X., Mechanical properties and wear behaviors analysis of fluorapatite glass-ceramics based on stereolithography 3D printing, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 124, 104859(2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104859

You, S. M., You, S. G., Kang, S. Y., Bae, S. Y. and Kim, J. H., Evaluation of the accuracy (trueness and precision) of a maxillary trial denture according to the layer thickness: An in vitro study, J. Prosthet. Dent., 125(1), 139–145(2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.12.014

Zhang, C., Jiang, Z., Zhao, L., Guo, W. and Gao, X., Stability, rheological behaviors, and curing properties of 3Y–ZrO2 and 3Y–ZrO2/GO ceramic suspensions in stereolithography applied for dental implants, Ceram. Int., 47(10), 13344–13350(2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.191

Zhang, F., Spies, B. C., Willems, E., Inokoshi, M., Wesemann, C., Cokic, S. M., Hache, B., Kohal, R. J., Altmann, B., Vleugels, J., Van Meerbeek, B. and Rabel, K., 3D printed zirconia dental implants with integrated directional surface pores combine mechanical strength with favorable osteoblast response, Acta. Biomater, 150, 427–441(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.030

Zhang, K., He, R., Ding, G., Feng, C., Song, W. and Fang, D., Digital light processing of 3Y-TZP strengthened ZrO2 ceramics, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 774, 138768(2020).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138768

Zhang, L., Liu, H., Yao, H., Zeng, Y. and Chen, J., Preparation, Microstructure, and Properties of ZrO2(3Y)/Al2O3 Bioceramics for 3D Printing of All-ceramic Dental Implants by Vat Photopolymerization, Chin. J. Mech. Eng. Addit. Manuf. Front., 1(2), 100023(2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjmeam.2022.100023

Zhang, L., Zeng, Y., Yao, H., Shi, Z. and Chen, J., Fabrication and characterization of ZrO2(3Y)/Al2O3 micro-ceramic gears with high performance by vat photopolymerization 3D printing, Ceram. Int., 50(3), 5187–5197(2024).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.11.264

Zhao, Y., Li, P., Dong, P., Zeng, Y. and Chen, J., Investigation on 3D printing ZrO2 implant abutment and its fatigue performance simulation, Ceram. Int., 47(1), 1053–1062(2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.08.221

Zhou, Q., Su, X., Wu, J., Zhang, X., Su, R., Ma, L., Sun, Q. and He, R., Additive Manufacturing of Bioceramic Implants for Restoration Bone Engineering: Technologies, Advances, and Future Perspectives, ACS. Biomater. Sci. Eng., 9(3), 1164–1189(2023).

https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c01164

Zhu, L., Xu, Y., Liu, S., Chen, H., Tao, J., Tong, X., Li, Y., Huang, S., Lin, J., Wen, C. and Ma, J., Microstructure, mechanical properties, friction and wear performance, and cytotoxicity of additively manufactured zirconia-toughened alumina for dental applications, Compos. Eng., 250, 110459(2023).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110459

Zou, R., Bi, L., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, L., Liu, J., Feng, L., Jiang, X. and Deng, B., A biocompatible silicon nitride dental implant material prepared by digital light processing technology, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 141, 105756(2023).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105756

Powered by

Powered by OJS