Enhanced Formulation of Andrographis paniculata-Derived Silver Nanoparticles for Potent Activity Against Urinary Tract Infection Pathogens
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 14, No 2 (June 2025) pp. 502-513
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major public health concern, often caused by pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conventional toilet cleaners rely on chemical disinfectants, which may have environmental and health risks. This study focuses on the formulation of an eco-friendly toilet cleaner incorporating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Andrographis paniculata plant extract to enhance antimicrobial efficacy against UTI-causing Pathogens. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by green synthesis approach using A. paniculata leaves extract. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, with a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak in the range of 420–450 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles with a size range of 10–21 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the peaks of nitro compounds and alkyl halides, whereas the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the synthesis of crystal planes of face-centered cubic silver nanoparticles from A. paniculata between the peak range values of 30o to 40o. The antimicrobial activity of the formulated toilet cleaner was evaluated against UTI Pathogens using agar well diffusion and Minimum inhibitory concentration. The AgNP-enhanced cleaner exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy. These findings suggest that A. paniculata-derived AgNPs can be effectively incorporated into toilet cleaners for enhanced antimicrobial protection. This eco-friendly formulation offers a promising alternative to chemical disinfectants, reducing environmental impact while improving hygiene and UTI prevention.
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Reference
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