Thermal Energy Storage Augmentation in Mini Heat Sink with Graphene Oxide/Nanodiamond Hybrid Nanofluids: Experimental and Machine Learning Approach
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 14, No 2 (June 2025) pp. 427-444
Abstract
The heat transfer coefficient, friction factor, and thermal performance factor of graphene oxide/nanodiamond (GO/ND) hybrid nanofluids flowing in a mini-heat sink were measured experimentally and validated using the ensemble machine learning. The base fluid used in this study is 60:40% (weight percentage) of water and ethylene glycol mixture, and the experiments were conducted under different volume loadings (0 < < 2%), and different Reynolds numbers (1393.75 < Re < 5861.44), respectively. Eventually, the thermophysical properties were also estimated. Results indicated that, the thermal conductivity is enhanced by 25.35% at 60 ℃, and viscosity is increased by 96.60% at a temperature of 20 ℃, at a volume loading of 2.0%, respectively. The Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient, and thermal performance factor at 2.0% vol. was raised by 34.41%, 52.04%, and 1.243-times at a Reynolds number of 4181.24, with friction factor penalty of 26.82%, over the base fluid data. The XGBoost (XGB) machine learning model was used in this study. All the data of XGB predictions have shown good acceptance with the experimental values with a root-mean square errors of 1.342, 233.7763, 0.00044897, and 0.0076283, with correlation coefficients of 0.99669, 0.99257, 0.99758, and 0.98904, for Nusselt number, heat transfer coefficient, friction factor, and thermal performance factor. New Nusselt number, and friction factor correlations were also proposed.
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