Nanotechnology as Delivery Vehicles for Antiviral Drug Delivery Systems: A Review
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 14, No 2 (June 2025) pp. 216-226
Abstract
Antiviral drug delivery systems are pivotal in the ongoing battle against viral infections, which remain a significant global health challenge. The complexity of designing effective antiviral drug delivery systems stems from the need to target viral pathogens precisely while minimizing adverse effects on host cells. One of the foremost challenges in antiviral drug delivery is achieving selective targeting of the virus without causing systemic toxicity. It is particularly challenging because many viruses can rapidly mutate, potentially rendering existing drugs less effective. Furthermore, the virus's ability to evade the host immune system complicates the development of effective therapies. Additionally, the potential for immune system interactions or toxicity must be carefully evaluated through rigorous preclinical and clinical testing. Another significant opportunity in antiviral drug delivery is the development of targeted delivery mechanisms that exploit the unique features of viral infections. For example, certain viruses have specific receptors or enzymes that can be targeted by drug-delivery systems, enhancing the efficacy of antiviral agents. Moreover, combination therapies that use multiple drugs or delivery systems could overcome issues related to drug resistance and improve the overall treatment outcomes. Furthermore, the cost of developing and producing sophisticated delivery systems can be prohibitive, limiting their accessibility and widespread use. While advanced delivery systems such as nanoparticles and liposomes hold promise for improving the efficacy and safety of antiviral therapies, their development is complex and requires ongoing research and innovation. Addressing these challenges while leveraging the opportunities offered by new technologies and targeted approaches will be crucial in enhancing antiviral drug delivery and ultimately improving patient outcomes in the fight against viral infections.
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