A Review on Hybrid Vehicle Technologies and Strategies
J. Environ. Nanotechnol., Volume 14, No 2 (June 2025) pp. 445-457
Abstract
Hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are very important in the development of sustainable transportation. The review work has focused on technologies and strategies applicable to these vehicles, with an emphasis on energy management strategy, state-of-charge optimization, and regenerative braking systems. It also examines the roles dedicated hybrid transmissions and solid-state batteries play in relation to performance improvements, long life, and efficiency. The advanced control methods consisting of model predictive control, Sequential quadratic programming, and fuzzy control are compared for the most potential fuel economy range with minimal emission. In addition, the application of neural networks and genetic algorithms in dynamic programming is discussed, giving the sense of potentiality of these approaches in further refinement of energy management. The review further elaborates on the environmental impact of hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles by considering CO2, NOx, and particulate matter emissions, while updating the efficiency of the Real Driving Emissions test cycle to meet compliance at Euro 6d-temp. In this respect, emerging technologies such as Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Hybrid renewable energy systems, and photovoltaic systems are discussed for the further reduction of the environmental footprint of hybrid vehicles.
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